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Animation in Java applets
By Arthur Van Hoff With Kathy Walrath, JavaWorld.com, 03/01/96

This article describes how to implement animation using the Java applet API. It describes commonly used techniques and gives a simple example to illustrate each technique.


Basic animation techniques
Many forms of animation are possible in Java. What all of them have in common is that they create some kind of motion on the screen by drawing successive frames at a relatively high speed (usually about 10-20 times per second).

We will start by creating a simple template applet for doing animations and slowly elaborate it until we arrive at a fairly complete applet.


Using a thread



To update the screen multiple times per second, you need to create a new Java thread that contains an animation loop. The animation loop is responsible for keeping track of the current frame and for requesting periodic screen updates. To implement a thread, you must either create a subclass of Thread or adhere to the Runnable interface.

[align=left]Java
[align=left] a high-level programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems. Java was originally called OAK, and was designed for handheld devices and set-top boxes. Oak was unsuccessful so in 1995 Sun changed the name to Java and modified the language to take advantage of the burgeoning World Wide Web.
Java is an object-oriented language similar to C++, but simplified to eliminate language features that cause common programming errors. Java source code files (files with a .java extension) are compiled into a format called bytecode (files with a .class extension), which can then be executed by a Java interpreter. Compiled Java code can run on most computers because Java interpreters and runtime environments, known as Java Virtual Machines (VMs), exist for most operating systems, including UNIX, the Macintosh OS, and Windows. Bytecode can also be converted directly into machine language instructions by a just-in-time compiler (JIT).

Java is a general purpose programming language with a number of features that make the language well suited for use on the World Wide Web. Small Java applications are called Java applets and can be downloaded from a Web server and run on your computer by a Java-compatible Web browser, such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer. [/align][/align]

[align=left]Animation

Animation is a type of optical illusion. It involves the appearance of motion caused by displaying still images one after another. Often, animation is used for entertainment purposes.

In addition to its use for entertainment, animation is considered a form of art. It is often displayed and celebrated in film festivals throughout the world. Also used for educational purposes, animation has a place in learning and instructional applications as well.

Cartoon animation is often considered to be animation in its classic form. The animated cartoon made its debut in the early part of the 20th century and calls for the use of 24 different drawings per second. In traditional animated cartoons, frames are hand drawn.

Animation is both time-consuming and costly to produce. For this reason, most of the animation made for television and film is produced by professorial studios. However, there are also many independent studios. In fact, there are many resources, such as lower-cost animation programs and distribution networks, that make the work of the independent animator much easier than it was in the past.

When animation is used for films or movies, each frame is produced on an individual basis. Frames can be produced using computers or photographs of images that are either drawn or painted. Frames can also be generated by altering a model unit in small ways and using a special camera to take pictures of the results. No matter what method is used, the film or movie that results fools the eye into seeing continuous movement.

Persistence of vision is often projected as the reason the eyes can be fooled into seeing continuous movement that isn't really happening. Basically, the brain and the eyes cooperate, storing images for a mere fraction of a second. Minor jumps or blips are automatically smoothed out by the brain. Since animation frames are shot at very fast rates, most individuals see the movement without stoppages.

Keep in mind that persistence of vision is a theory and not a proven concept. Many film academics and theorists accept its relevance to animation. However, there are some scientists that call the theory a complete myth.

Though the work of producing animated movies and cartoons can be intense and laborious, computer animation can make the process much faster. Computer technology is steadily improving, and professionals are able to create life-like characters using computers and special animation software. However, skilled animators are still necessary for producing quality animations. After all, computers are not yet capable of making artistic choices and bringing real passion to simple images. [/align]

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