100 years after its discovery, insulin still out of reach for many living with diabetes: WHO

Geneva: A new report published by WHO in the lead-up to World Diabetes Day (14th November) highlights the alarming state of global access to insulin and diabetes care, and finds that high prices, low availability of human insulin, few producers dominating the insulin market and weak health systems are the main barriers to universal access.

“The scientists who discovered insulin 100 years ago refused to profit from their discovery and sold the patent for just one dollar,” said WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “Unfortunately, that gesture of solidarity has been overtaken by a multi-billion-dollar business that has created vast access gaps. WHO is working with countries and manufacturers to close these gaps and expand access to this life-saving medicine for everyone who needs it.”

Insulin is the bedrock of diabetes treatment – it turns a deadly disease into a manageable one for nine million people with type 1 diabetes.

For more than 60 million people living with type 2 diabetes, insulin is essential in reducing the risk of kidney failure, blindness and limb amputation.

However, one out of every two people needing insulin for type 2 diabetes does not get it. Diabetes is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, and yet their consumption of insulin has not kept up with the growing disease burden. The report highlights that while three in four people affected by type 2 diabetes live in countries outside of North America and Europe, they account for less than 40% of the revenue from insulin sales.

Keeping the 100-year-old promise – making insulin access universal, published today to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, the report spotlights the main causes for the gaps in global access to insulin.

The report suggests several actions to improve access to insulins and related products, including: Boosting human insulin production and supply and diversifying the manufacturing base for biosimilar analogue insulins to create competition and reduce prices; Improve affordability by regulating prices and mark-ups, using pooled procurement and improving transparency in the way prices are set; Promote local manufacturing capacity in under-served regions; Promote R&D centred on the needs of low- and middle-income countries; Ensure that increased access to insulin is accompanied by prompt diagnosis, and access to affordable devices for blood sugar monitoring and injecting insulin; Use health resources wisely by selecting human insulin where possible and allocate adequate funding to provide a full package of care.

WHO has accelerated efforts to address some of the barriers to the availability of insulin and related medicines and health technologies through a series of dialogues with business associations and manufacturers of these products.

Several months after the first dialogue, industry has committed to a number of actions, including: The development of a policy blueprint for improving access to biosimilars of insulin; Participation in WHO’s prequalification programme for insulin, glucose meters, test strips and diagnostic tools; Participation in international/UN pooled procurement or aggregated demand mechanisms, once established; Submission of data on insulin thermostability to WHO; and Participation in the reporting mechanism that WHO will use to register and publish contributions from the pharmaceutical and health technology industry.

Efforts to increase access to life-saving diabetes medicines is just one of the workstreams of the Global Diabetes Compact, launched in April 2021. The Compact is bringing together national governments, UN organisations, nongovernmental organizations, private sector entities, academic institutions, philanthropic foundations, people living with diabetes and international donors to work towards a world where all people at risk for diabetes or living with diabetes can access the care they need.